In a recent study published in BMC Public Health, researchers investigated whether changes in sleep quality, physical health, and mental health reported across the initial coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) wave were related to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).

They also investigated whether the relationship was influenced by social assets such as having trusted friends and family members.

Study: Measuring changes in adult health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic and their relationship with adverse childhood experiences and current social assets: a cross-sectional survey. Image Credit: fizkes/Shutterstock.com

Background

ACEs, including child maltreatment, substance abuse, and domestic violence, are often linked to poorer health and social outcomes throughout life. These factors increase the chances of health-worsening behaviors, worsen psychological health, and lower resilience against stress.

A positive ACE history increases the risk of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer throughout adulthood.

However, other experiences can influence ACE-related social and health risks. Friends, family, and community support can potentially reduce poor health risks.

Poorer physical and mental health may leave individuals vulnerable to harm related to pandemic-associated restrictions and concerns. Understanding the risk or protective factors for physical and mental health during pandemics is crucial for all individuals.

About the study

In the present cross-sectional study, researchers evaluated the association between ACEs and COVID-19-related alterations in sleep quality and physical and mental health and the effect of social factors such as closeness with friends and family members on the association.

A household survey was conducted in Wales (national level) and England (local level) using mobile and landline numbers among individuals stratified by age, health regions, and deprivation quintiles.

In addition, a web-based survey was conducted. Information was obtained from Welsh and English residents aged 18 years or older during the initial COVID-19 wave between December 2020 and March 2021.

The study outcomes included changes in self-documented mental health, sleep quality, and physical health at the time of the survey (pandemic period) and a year before (pre-pandemic period); counts of trusted friends and family members; community help knowledge; and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.

Nine adverse childhood experiences investigated included sexual, verbal, and physical abuse; drug abuse; alcohol abuse; exposure to domestic violence; parental separation; and residing with an individual with a psychological illness or who has been incarcerated.

The team used a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) ACE tool to evaluate ACE exposure. Multinomial logistic regression modeling was performed for the analyses.

Results

The rate of telephone participation was 33% (n=3,984) for eligible individuals meeting quota sampling requirements. In addition, 887 individuals completed the online surveys (237 and 650 in England and Wales, respectively), resulting in a sample size of 4,871 individuals.

After restricting the analysis to individuals identifying as females and males, 4,673 individuals were considered for the final analysis.

Among the participants, 62% were women, 64% were aged 50 years or older, 94% were white, 51% reported no ACEs, 22% reported one ACE, 17% reported two to three ACEs, and 10% reported four or more ACEs, and 19% reported a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Adverse childhood experiences were strongly associated with worse sleep quality and physical and mental health during COVID-19.

In particular, individuals with four or more ACEs showed three-fold, four-fold, and four-fold higher likelihoods of poorer physical health, mental wellness, and sleep quality, respectively, during COVID-19. In contrast, adverse childhood experiences were related to an increased probability of improved sleep quality for a small fraction of individuals.

Further, individuals with more trusted family members showed a lower likelihood of worsening physical or mental health, irrespective of the number of ACEs.

Among the participants, 29% of males with four or more ACEs and no trusted members in their family or friend circle and those who were unaware of the community moved into the poorer mental health category in comparison to nine percent of individuals with all these social asses and no ACEs. Similar differences based on social assets and ACEs were observed for all outcomes.

Conclusion

Based on the study findings, ACEs are a significant vulnerability affecting large populations and are linked to poorer health outcomes, even during non-pandemic times. During the COVID-19 pandemic, ACEs were linked to increased susceptibility to poorer physical and mental health.

Connectedness, particularly with family members, was crucial for maintaining health during the pandemic. The findings could inform future pandemic responses and identify populations needing additional support.

A smaller subset of individuals with high ACEs experienced improved health outcomes during the pandemic. Post-COVID norms must consider heterogeneity in health effects.

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Trauma is defined as an event or experience that is deeply distressing or disturbing, often involving physical harm or the threat of harm. Examples of traumatic experiences can include natural disasters, car accidents, physical or sexual assault, military combat, and more. Trauma can affect people of all ages, races, and backgrounds, and its effects can be long-lasting and far-reaching.

One of the key ways that trauma impacts mental health outcomes is through the development of stress. Stress is a normal part of life, and in small doses, it can actually be beneficial. However, when stress becomes chronic or overwhelming, it can lead to a range of negative health outcomes. For example, chronic stress can lead to depression, anxiety, insomnia, and physical health problems such as heart disease and diabetes.

When a traumatic experience occurs, it can trigger a cascade of stress hormones in the body. These hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, prepare the body to respond to the threat by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. While this response can be helpful in the short term, it can become harmful if the stress response is prolonged or repeated.

One of the key ways that trauma can lead to mental health conditions is through the development of PTSD. PTSD is a disorder that can develop after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event. Symptoms of PTSD can include flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance behaviors, and hyperarousal. These symptoms can interfere with daily life and make it difficult for a person to function normally.

However, not everyone who experiences trauma will develop PTSD. In fact, many people who experience trauma are able to cope with the experience and move on without long-term negative effects. This is known as resilience, and it is an important factor in mental health outcomes.

Resilience is the ability to recover from adversity and adapt to challenging circumstances. It is not something that people are born with, but rather something that can be developed over time. Resilience can be strengthened through social support, positive coping strategies, and self-care practices.

Ultimately, the impact of trauma on mental health outcomes depends on a variety of factors, including the severity of the trauma, the individual’s coping skills, and the availability of social support. While trauma can have a profound and lasting impact on mental health, it is important to remember that recovery is possible. With the right support and resources, individuals who have experienced trauma can learn to cope with their experiences and move forward in a positive way.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) states that mental health disorders are a leading cause of disability worldwide. Mental health disorders can manifest in various forms, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, psychotic disorders, and eating disorders. Each of these disorders has a different set of symptoms, and the severity of the symptoms can vary between individuals. This variation in symptoms and severity is a result of the unique experiences of each individual.

Mental health disorders are not just a product of an individual’s genetics; they can also be a result of environmental factors such as traumatic life events, social isolation, and economic instability. The intersection between genetics and environment makes mental health disorders an even more complex issue. There is no one-size-fits-all solution to treating mental health disorders.

The stigma surrounding mental health disorders often prevents individuals from seeking help. It is essential to understand that mental health disorders are not a sign of weakness or a personal failing. Mental health disorders are a medical condition that requires treatment, just like any other physical illness. Seeking help for mental health disorders is a sign of strength and courage.

The treatment of mental health disorders typically involves a combination of medication and therapy. However, the exact treatment plan will depend on the individual’s unique experience with the disorder. It is essential to consult with a mental health professional to develop a personalized treatment plan.

In conclusion, mental health disorders are a reality that cannot be ignored. It is crucial to understand that every individual’s experience with mental health disorders is unique. Mental health disorders can result from a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Seeking help for mental health disorders is a sign of strength and courage. Mental health disorders require a sensitive and empathetic approach to address, and it is essential to consult with a mental health professional to develop a personalized treatment plan.

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Genetics play a significant role in mental health disorders. Studies have shown that certain genes can increase an individual’s risk of developing mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. For instance, individuals with a family history of depression are more likely to develop the condition themselves. However, genetics alone cannot explain the occurrence of mental health disorders, and other factors such as environment and life experiences also play a crucial role.

The environment refers to the physical, social, and cultural factors that surround an individual. The environment can contribute to the development of mental health disorders by exposing individuals to stress, trauma, and adverse life events. For instance, individuals who experience poverty, violence, or abuse are more likely to develop mental health disorders than those who do not. Additionally, environmental factors such as access to healthcare, education, and social support can also influence an individual’s mental health.

Life experiences such as childhood trauma, loss of a loved one, or a significant life event can also impact mental health. Traumatic experiences can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), while loss and grief can cause depression and anxiety. Furthermore, the accumulation of adverse life experiences over time can lead to chronic stress, which can contribute to the development of mental health disorders.

In conclusion, mental health disorders are complex conditions that are caused by various factors such as genetics, environment, and life experiences. Understanding the role of these factors is crucial in developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. While genetics may predispose individuals to certain mental health disorders, environmental factors such as access to healthcare, education, and social support can mitigate the impact of genetic risk factors. Furthermore, interventions such as trauma-focused therapy and stress management can help individuals cope with adverse life experiences and prevent the development of mental health disorders.

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Nature and nurture. Memory-making. Curated food, art, floral experiences for, and with, Mothers.  Connecting with mum or kids through journeying together into the world of mindfulness, well-being and self-care.

Chill out with your mum or as a mother at Lifestyle@SingSeeSoon, which is offering three relaxing Mummy & Me experiences for its “Mummy’s Day Out!” on Sunday 14 May 2023 from 11 am onwards! 

Celebrating all amazing mothers as the pillar and heart of the family, you will be in for a treat at the different pampering experiences within the lush open space of Sing See Soon. 

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Singapore’s first Experiential Garden Centre, Sing See Soon’s nature hub of a nursery at 5 Simei Lane, is a dedicated location for nurturing fresh plants and flowers, fostering community engagement, advancing education, and cultivating food experiences.

Mother’s Day At Lifestyle@SSS

Take your mother or bond with your children at Lifestyle@SingSeeSoon’s Experiences which feature a variety of activities and curated workshops that are created to empower and enrich relationships while also providing a zen oasis to give guests time to relax amid the wonders of nature.

We had the opportunity to sample some of the activities within the “Mummy & Me Experiences” and had a delightful afternoon weaving floral crowns, crafting a healthy bouquet of edible greens and painting our own tote bags!

Floral Crown Workshop

A lovely outdoor activity we first tried was making our own floral crowns from fresh blooms which only took minutes to weave together with rustic wires and tape, once you get the hang of it!

The fragrance of fresh flowers and eucalyptus leaves which smell wonderful, were a pleasure to work with and many of us wore our beautiful crowns immediately.  The facilitator also provided instructions on how to care for our crowns ensure the florals last a few days. 

We brought our fresh flower crowns back to brighten our home as table decoration and door wreath.

Edible Bouquet Craft

Guided by Gracelyn Lin, CEO of Lifestyle@SingSeeSoon who threw in useful green tips, and tricks on texture, form and binding, we were taught how to craft our very own edible bouquet. 

It was fun harvesting our own edible herbs and vegetables to put together a veritable artistic arrangement.  

We gathered delicate sprigs of mint leaves and curly English parsley, clustered crisp lettuce as foliage, braided spring onion stems and framed our bouquets with celery stalks.  

Leafy greens are packed with high fibre and as nutrient-rich superfoods, this is one healthy  and deliciously fresh posy that you could bring home to eat, coupled with a sample salad dressing by Radio DJ and Cookbook Author Cheryl Miles! 

Tote Bag Art Jamming Painting with Drinks

Playing with layering, lines and spots, we painted our own colourful tote bags which could be used as recyclable carry-ons for sustainable shopping!

All art materials were provided and it was a fun free-style session with the kids being inspired to come up with their own design after a brief guidance by the facilitator.  They were super proud of their own characteristic creations! 

A selection of non-alcoholic beverages were provided on the side, or a glass of wine for adults who opted for it!

Mummy & Me Experiences – the Complete Packages

Take time to enjoy these specially-designed experiences for different preferences and personalities.

Each Mummy & Me Experience is for 2 persons and for each sign-up, guests will also get to enjoy the experiential booths with a host of interesting activities to engage in:

Experience 1: Yummy with Mummy – Edible Bouquet & Yoga Experience | 11 am to 1 pm. $150 for 2 persons (min age 6 years and up).

Take part in this fascinating and enjoyable experience to learn how to use edible herbs and vegetables to produce lovely creations and to have a delicious treat! This experience includes:

•            45 mins mindfulness and wellness yoga with Pearlyn

•            30 mins Edible Bouquet workshop with Gracelyn Lin, CEO (Lifestyle@SSS)

•            30 mins  harvest and make your salad workshop with Cheryl Miles

•            Go home with an exclusive link to Cheryl Miles’ mini cookbooks Sexy in the Kitchen & Good Vibes in the Kitchen, 20 Meatless Recipes for Kindness

•            Mini bouquet for mum

•            $50 worth of vouchers to shop in store at Lifestyle@SSS (Simei) or online

Experience 2: Paint Frenzy with Mummy – Paint a Tote Bag & Yoga Experience | 12:30pm – 2:30pm. $150 for 2 persons (min age 6 years and up).

Tap into your creative side and journey into mindfulness with your mum and loved ones. Spend the day bonding and learning new artistic skills. This experience includes:

•            30-minute mindfulness and wellness yoga with Pearlyn

•            45-minute vibe your hearts out while getting crazy with colors & a glass of red wine (Options for non-alcoholic beverages are available)

•            Mini bouquet for mum

•            $50 worth of vouchers to shop in store at Lifestyle@SSS (Simei) or online

Experience 3: Inhala Exhala with Mummy – Full Body Massage & Yoga Experience | 2:00pm – 5:00pm.  $170 for 2 persons.

This is designed to help mothers and their loved ones relax, unwind and rejuvenate. Taking a much-needed break and seizing a chance to focus on self-care should be top priority for everyone! This experience includes:

•            45-minute mindfulness & wellness yoga with Pearlyn

•            30-minute therapeutic & relaxing full-body massage

•            Mini bouquet for mum

•            Floral crown workshop

•            $50 worth of vouchers to shop in store at Lifestyle@SSS (Simei) or online

•            Each massage session is limited to 2 pax at a time only

If you enjoyed this story, you may also enjoy reading this other Mother’s Day story.

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